| Edema
(eh-DEE-ma); Swelling; an abnormal buildup of fluid.
Ejaculation: The release of semen
through the penis during orgasm.
Electrodesiccation (e-LEK-tro-des-i-KAY-shun):
Use of an electric current to destroy cancerous tissue and control bleeding.
Electrolarynx (e-LEK-tro-LAR-inks):
A battery-operated instrument that makes a humming sound to help laryngectomees
talk.
Embolization (EM-bo-li-ZAY-shun):
Blocking an artery so that blood cannot flow to the tumor.
Encapsulated (en-KAP-soo-lay-ted):
Confined to a specific area; the tumor remains in a compact form.
Endocervical curettage (en-do-SER-vi-kul
kyoo-re-TAZH): The removal of tissue from the inside of the cervix using a
spoon-shaped instrument called a curette.
Endocrinologist (en-do-kri-NOL-o-jist):
A doctor that specializes in diagnosing and treating hormone disorders.
Endometriosis (en-do-mee-tree-O-sis):
A benign condition in which tissue that looks like endometrial tissue grows
in abnormal places in the abdomen.
Endometrium (en-do-MEE-tree-um):
The layer of tissue that lines the uterus.
Endoscope (EN-do-skope): A thin,
lighted tube through which a doctor can look at tissues inside the body.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
(en-do-SKAH-pik RET-ro-grade ko-LAN-jee-o-PAN-kree-a-TAW-gra-fee): A
procedure to x-ray the common bile duct. Also called ERCP.
Endoscopy (en-DOS-ko-pee): An examination
of the esophagus and stomach using a thin, lighted instrument called an endoscope.
Ependymoma (eh-PEN-dih-MO-ma): A
type of brain tumor that usually develops in the lining of the ventricles,
but may also occur in the spinal chord.
Enterostomal therapist (en-ter-o-STO-mul):
A health professional trained in the care of urostomies and other stomas.
Environmental tobacco smoke: Smoke
that comes from the burning end of a cigarette and smoke that is exhaled
by smokers. Also called ETS or second-hand smoke. Inhaling ETS is called
involuntary or passive smoking.
Enzyme: A substance that affects
the rate at which chemical changes take place in the body.
Ependymoma (eh-PEN-di-MO-ma): A type
of brain tumor.
Epidermis (ep-i-DER-mis): The upper
or outer layer of the two main layers of cells that make up the skin.
Epidermoid carcinoma (ep-i-DER-moyd):
A type of lung cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales.
Also called squamous cell carcinoma.
Epiglottis (ep-i-GLOT-is): The flap
that covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter the
lungs.
Epithelial carcinoma (ep-i-THEE-lee-ul
kar-si-NO-ma): Cancer that begins in the cells that line an organ.
Epithelium (EP-i-THEE-lee-um): A
thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other structures in
the body.
ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography)
(en-do-SKOP-ik RET-ro-grade ko-LAN-gee-o-PAN-kree-a-TOG-ra-fee): A procedure
to x-ray the common bile duct.
Erythrocytes (e-RITH-ro-sites): Cells
that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called red blood cells (RBCs).
Erythroleukemia (e-RITH-ro-loo-KEE-mee-a):
Leukemia that develops in erythrocytes. In this rare disease, the body produces
large numbers of abnormal red blood cells.
Erythroplakia (eh-RITH-ro-PLAY-kee-a):
A reddened patch with a velvety surface found in the mouth.
Esophageal (e-soff-a-JEE-al): Related
to the esophagus.
Esophageal speech (e-SOF-a-JEE-al):
Speech produced with air trapped in the esophagus and forced out again.
Esophagectomy (e-soff-a-JEK-to-mee):
An operation to remove a portion of the esophagus.
Esophagoscopy (e-soff-a-GOSS-ko-pee):
Examination of the esophagus using a thin, lighted instrument.
Esophagram (e-SOFF-a-gram): A series
of x-rays of the esophagus. The x-ray pictures are taken after the patient
drinks a solution that coats and outlines the walls of the esophagus. Also
called a barium swallow.
Esophagus (e-SOF-a-gus): The muscular
tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach.
Estrogen (ES-tro-jin): A female hormone.
Etiology: The study of the causes
of abnormal condition or disease.
Ewing's sarcoma (YOO-ingz sar-KO-ma):
A bone cancer that forms in the middle (shaft) of large bones. It most often
affects the hipbones and the bones of the upper arm and thigh.
External radiation: Radiation therapy
that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer.
Fallopian tubes (fa-LO-pee-in):
Tubes on each side of the uterus through which an egg moves from the ovaries
to the uterus.
Familial polyposis (pol-i-PO-sis):
An inherited condition in which several hundred polyps develop in the colon
and rectum.
Fecal occult blood test (FEE-kul
o-KULT): A test to check for hidden blood in stool. (Fecal refers to stool.
Occult means hidden.)
Fertility (fer-TIL-i-tee): The ability
to produce children.
Fetus (FEET-us): The unborn child
developing in the uterus.
Fiber: The parts of fruits and vegetables
that cannot be digested. Also called bulk or roughage.
Fibroid (FY-broid): A benign uterine
tumor made up of fibrous and muscular tissue.
Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue
sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other
organs in place.
Fluoroscope (FLOOR-o-skope): An x-ray
machine that makes it possible to see internal organs in motion.
Fluoroscopy (Floor-OS-ko-pee): An
x-ray procedure that makes it possible to see internal organs in motion
Fluorouracil (floo-ro-YOOR-a-sil):
An anticancer drug. Its chemical name is 5-fluorouracil, commonly called
5-FU.
Follicles (FAHL-ih-kuls): Shafts
through which hair grows.
Fractionation: Dividing the total
dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over
a period of several days.
Fulguration (ful-gyoor-AY-shun):
Destroying tissue using an electric current.
Gallbladder (GAWL-blad-er):
The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is stored in the gallbladder.
Gamma knife: Radiation therapy in
which high-energy rays are aimed at a tumor from many angles in a single
treatment session.
Gastrectomy (gas-TREK-to-mee): An
operation to remove all or part of the stomach.
Gastric (GAS-trik): Having to do
with the stomach.
Gastric atrophy (GAS-trik AT-ro-fee):
A condition in which the stomach muscles shrink and become weak. It results
in a lack of digestive juices.
Gastroenterologist (GAS-tro-en-ter-OL-o-jist):
A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive
system.
Gastrointestinal tract (GAS-tro-in-TES-ti-nul):
The part of the digestive tract where the body processes food and eliminates
waste. It includes the esophagus, stomach, liver, small and large intestines,
and rectum.
Gastroscope (GAS-tro-skope): A thin,
lighted instrument to view the inside of the stomach.
Gastroscopy (gas-TROS-ko-pee): An
examination of the stomach with a gastroscope, an instrument to view the
inside of the stomach.
Gene: The biological or basic unit
of heredity found in all cells in the body.
Gene deletion: The total loss or
absence of a gene.
Gene therapy: Treatment that alters
genes (the basic units of heredity found in all cells in the body). In studies
of gene therapy for cancer, researchers are trying to improve the body's natural
ability to fight the disease or to make the tumor more sensitive to other
kinds of therapy.
Genetic: Inherited; having to do
with information that is passed from parents to children through DNA in the
genes.
Genitourinary system (GEN-i-toe-YOO-rin-air-ee):
The parts of the body that play a role in reproduction, in getting rid of
waste products in the form of urine, or in both.
Germ cells: The reproductive cells
of the body specifically, either egg or sperm cells.
Germ cell tumors: A type of brain
tumor that arises from primitive (developing) sex cells, or germ cells.
Germinoma (jer-mih-NO-ma): The most
frequent type of germ cell tumor in the brain.
Germline mutation: See hereditary
mutation.
Gland: An organ that produces and
releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce
fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate
in blood production.
Glioblastoma multiforme (glee-o-blast-TO-ma
mul-tih-FOR-may): A type of brain tumor that forms in the nervous (glial)
tissue of the brain.
Glioma (glee-O-ma): A name for brain
tumors that begin in the glial cells, or supportive cells, in the brain.
"Glia" is the Greek word for glue.
Glottis (GLOT-is): The middle part
of the larynx; the area where the vocal cords are located.
Grade: Describes how closely a cancer
resembles normal tissue of its same type, and the cancer's probable rate
of growth
Grading: A system for classifying
cancer cells in terms of how malignant or aggressive they appear microscopically.
The grading of a tumor indicates how quickly cancer cells are likely to spread
and plays a role in treatment decisions.
Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other
tissue taken from one part of the body to replace diseased or injured tissue
removed from another part of the body.
Graft-versus-host disease: A reaction
of donated bone marrow against a patient's own tissue. Also called GVHD.
Granulocyte (GRAN-yoo-lo-site): A
type of white blood cell. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes.
Groin: The area where the thigh meets
the hip.
GVHD (graft-versus-host disease):
A reaction of donated bone marrow against a patient's own tissue.
Gynecologic oncologists (guy-ne-ko-LA-jik
on-KOL-o-jists): Doctors who specialize in treating cancers of the female
reproductive organs.
Gynecologist (guy-ne-KOL-o-jist):
A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the female reproductive
organs.
Hair follicles (FOL-i-kuls):
The sacs in the scalp from which hair grows.
Hairy cell leukemia: A rare type
of chronic leukemia in which the abnormal white blood cells appear to be
covered with tiny hairs.
Helicobacter pylori (HEEL-i-ko-BAK-ter
pie-LOR-ee): Bacteria that cause inflammation and ulcers in the stomach.
Hematogenous: Orginating in the blood,
or disseminated by the circulation or through the bloodstream.
Hematologist (hee-ma-TOL-o-jist):
A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the blood.
Hepatitis (hep-a-TYE-tis): Inflammation
of the liver.
Hepatitis B: A type of hepatitis
that is carried and passed on through the blood. It can be passed on through
sexual contact or through the use of "dirty" (bloody) needles.
Hepatoblastoma (HEP-a-to-blas-TO-ma):
A type of liver tumor that occurs in infants and children.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HEP-a-to-SEL-yoo-ler
kar-si-NO-ma): The most common type of primary liver cancer.
Hepatocyte (HEP-a-to-site): A liver
cell.
Hepatoma (HEP-a-TO-ma): A liver tumor.
Hereditary mutation: A gene change
in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated
into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; hereditary mutations
are passed on from parents to offspring.
Herpes virus (HER-peez-VY-rus): A
member of the herpes family of viruses. One type of herpesvirus is sexually
transmitted and causes sores on the genitals.
HER-2/neu: Oncogene found in some
breast and ovarian cancer patients that is associated with a poor prognosis.
Hormonal therapy: Treatment of cancer
by removing, blocking, or adding hormones.
Hormone receptor test: A test to
measure the amount of certain proteins, called hormone recptors, in breast
cancer tissue. Hormones can attach to these proteins. A high level of hormone
receptors means hormones probably help the cancer grow.
Hormone therapy: Treatment that prevents
certain cancer cells form getting the hormones they need to grow.
Hormones: Chemicals produced by glands
in the body and circulate in the bloodstream. Hormones control the actions
of certain cells or organs.
Human papillomaviruses (pap-i-LOW-ma
VY-rus-ez): Viruses that generally cause warts. Some papillomaviruses are
sexually transmitted. Some of these sexually transmitted viruses cause wartlike
growths on the genitals, and some are thought to cause abnormal changes in
cells of the cervix.
Humidifier (hyoo-MID-ih-fye-er):
A machine that puts moisture in the air.
Hydrocephalus (hy-dro-SEF-uh-lus):
The abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.
Hypercalcemia (hy-per-kal-SEE-mee-a):
A higher-than-normal level of calcium in the blood. This condition can cause
a number of symptoms, including loss of appetite, nausea, thirst, fatigue,
muscle weakness, restlessness, and confusion.
Hyperfractionation: A way of giving
radiation therapy in smaller-than-usual doses two or three times a day.
Hyperplasia (hye-per-PLAY-zha): A
precancerous condition in which there is an increase in the number of normal
cells lining the uterus.
Hyperthermia (hy-per-THER-mee-a):
Treatment that involves heating a tumor.
Hypothalamus (hy-po-THAL-uh-mus):
The area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst.
Hysterectomy (hiss-ter-EK-to-mee):
An operation in which the uterus and cervix are removed.
Ileostomy (il-ee-OS-to-mee):
An opening created by a surgeon into the ileum, part of the small intestine,
from the outside of the body. An ileostomy provides a new path for waste material
to leave the body after part of the intestine has been removed.
Imaging: Tests that produce pictures
of areas inside the body.
Immune system (im-YOON): The complex
group of organs and cells that defends the body against infection or disease.
Immunodeficiency: A lowering of the
body's ability to fight off infection and disease.
Immunology: A science that deals
with the study of the body's immune system.
Immunosuppression: The use of drugs
or techniques to suppress or interfere with the body's immune system and
its ability to fight infections or disease. Immunosuppression may be deliberate,
such as in preparation for bone marrow or other organ transplantation to prevent
rejection by the host of the donor tissue, or incidental, such as often results
from chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer.
Immunotherapy (IM-yoo-no-THER-a-pee):
Treatment that uses the body's natural defenses to fight cancer. Also called
biological therapy.
Implant (or internal) radiation:
Internal radiation therapy that places radioactive materials in or close
to the cancer.
Impotent (IM-po-tent): Inability
to have an erection and/or ejaculate semen.
Incidence: The number of new cases
of a disease diagnosed each year.
Incision (in-SI-zhun): A cut made
in the body during surgery.
Incontinence (in-kON-ti-nens): Inability
to control the flow of urine from the bladder.
Infertility: The inability to produce
children.
Infiltrating cancer: See invasive
cancer.
Inflammatory breast cancer: A rare
type of breast cancer in which cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the
skin of the breast. The breast becomes red, swollen, and warm, and the skin
of the breast may appear pitted or have ridges.
Inguinal orchiectomy (IN-gwin-al
or-kee-EK-to-mee): Surgery to remove the testicle through the groin.
Insulin (IN-su-lin): A hormone made
by the islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin controls the amount of sugar
in the blood.
Interferon (in-ter-FEER-on): A type
of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's
natural response to disease). It stimulates the growth of certain disease-fighting
blood cells in the immune system.
Interleukin (in-ter-LOO-kin): A substance
used in biological therapy. Interleukins stimulate the growth and activities
of certain kinds of white blood cells.
Interleukin-2 (in-ter-LOO-kin): A
type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's
natural response to disease). It stimulates the growth of certain blood cells
in the immune system that can fight cancer. Also called IL-2.
Internal radiation (ray-dee-AY-shun):
Radiation therapy that uses radioactive materials placed in or near the tumor.
Intestine (in-TES-tin): The long,
tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion.
It consists of the small and large intestines.
Intraepithelial (in-tra-eh-pih-THEEL-ee-ul):
Within the layer of cells that forms the surface or lining of an organ.
Intrahepatic (in-tra-hep-AT-ik):
Within the liver.
Intrahepatic bile duct (in-tra-hep-AT-ik):
The bile duct that passes through and drains bile from the liver.
Intraoperative radiation therapy:
Radiation treatment given during surgery. Also called IORT.
Intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IN-tra-per-i-to-NEE-al):
Treatment in which anticancer drugs are put directly into the abdomen through
a thin tube.
Intrathecal chemotherapy (in-tra-THEE-cal
KEE-mo-THER-a-pee): Chemotherapy drugs infused into the thin space between
the lining of the spinal cord and brain to treat or prevent cancers in the
brain and spinal cord.
Intravenous (in-tra-VEE-nus): Injected
in a vein. Also called IV.
Intravenous pyelogram (in-tra-VEE-nus
PIE-el-o-gram): A series of x-rays of the kidneys and bladder. The x-rays
are taken after a dye that shows up on x-ray film in injected into a vein.
Also called IVP.
Intravenous pyelography (om-tra-VEE-nus
py-LOG-ra-fee): X-ray study of the kidneys and urinary tract. Structures are
made visible by the injection of a substance that blocks x-rays. Also called
IVP.
Intravesical (in-tra-VES-ih-kal):
Within the bladder.
Invasion: As related to cancer, the
spread of cancer cells into healthy tissue adjacent to the tumor.
Invasive cancer: Cancer that has
spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed. Invasive breast
cancer is also called infiltrating cancer or infiltrating carcinoma.
Invasive cervical cancer: Cancer
that has spread from the surface of the cervix to tissue deeper in the cervix
or to other parts of the body.
IORT (intraoperative radiation therapy):
Radiation treatment given during surgery.
Islet cell cancer (EYE-let): Cancer
arising from cells in the islets of Langerhans.
Islets of Langerhans (EYE-lets of
LANG-er-hanz): Hormone-producing cells in the pancreas.
IV (intravenous) (in-tra-VEE-nus):
Injected in a vein.
IVP (intravenous pyelogram) (in-tra-VEE-nus
PYE-el-o-gram): X-ray study of the kidneys, uterus, and urinary tract. Structures
are made visible by the injection of a substance that blocks x-rays.
Jaundice (JAWN-dis):
A condition in which the skin and the whites of the eyes become yellow and
the urine darkens. Jaundice occurs when the liver is not working properly
or when a bile duct is blocked.
Kaposi's sarcoma
(KAP-o-seez-sar-KO-ma): A relatively rare type of cancer that develops on
the skin of some elderly persons or those with a weak immune system, including
those with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Kidneys (KID-neez): A pair or organs
in the abdomen that remove waste from the blood. The waste leaves the blood
as urine.
Krukenberg tumor (KROO-ken-berg):
A tumor of the ovary caused by the spread of stomach cancer.
Laparoscopy (lap-a-ROS-ko-pee):
A surgical procedure in which a lighted instrument shaped like a thin tube
is inserted through a small incision in the abdomen. The doctor can look through
the instrument and see inside the abdomen.
Laparotomy (lap-a-ROT-o-mee): An
operation that allows the doctor to inspect the organs in the abdomen.
Large cell carcinomas: A group of
lung cancers in which the cells are large and look abnormal.
Laryngeal (lair-IN-jee-al): Having
to do with the larynx.
Laryngectomee (lair-in-JEK-toe-mee):
A person who has had his or her voice box removed.
Laryngectomy (lair-in-JEK-toe-mee):
An operation to remove all or part of the larynx.
Laryngoscope (lair-IN-jo-skope):
A flexible lighted tube used to examine the larynx.
Laryngoscopy (lair-in-GOS-ko-pee):
Examination of the larynx with a mirror (indirect laryngoscopy) or with a
laryngoscope (direct laryngoscopy).
Larynx (LAIR-inks): An organ in the
throat used in breathing, swallowing, and talking. It is made of cartilage
and is line by a mucous membrane similar to the lining of the mouth. Also
called the "voice box."
Laser (LAY-zer): A powerful beam
of light used in some types of surgery to cut or destroy tissue.
Lesion (LEE-zhun): An area of abnormal
tissue change.
Leukemia (loo-KEE-mee-a): Cancer
of the blood cells.
Leukocytes (LOO-ko-sites): Cells
that help the body fight infections and other diseases. Also called white
blood cells (WBCs).
Leukoplakia (loo-ko-PLAY-kee-a):
A white spot or patch in the mouth
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome: A rare family
predisposition to multiple cancers, caused by an alteration in the p53 tumor
suppressor gene.
Ligation (lye-GAY-shun): The process
of tying off blood vessels so that blood cannot flow to a part of the body
or to a tumor.
Limb perfusion (per-FYOO-zhun): A
chemotherapy technique that may be used when melanoma occurs on an arm or
leg. The flow of blood to and from the limb is stopped for a while with a
tourniquet, and anticancer drugs are put directly into the blood of the limb.
This allows the patient to receive a high dose of drugs in the area where
the melanoma occurred.
Liver: A large, glandular organ,
located in the upper abdomen, that cleanses the blood and aids in digestion
by secreting bile.
Liver scan: An image of the liver
created on a computer screen or on film. For a liver scan, a radioactive
substance is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. It
collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected
by the scanner.
Lobe: A portion of the liver, lung,
breast, or brain.
Lobectomy (lo-BEK-to-mee): The removal
of a lobe.
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LOB-yoo-lar-sin-O-ma
in SY-too): Abnormal cells in the lobules of the breast. This condition seldom
becomes invasive cancer. However, having lobular carcinoma in situ is a sign
that the woman has an increased risk of developing breast cancer. Also called
LCIS.
Lobule (LOB-yule): A small lobe.
Local: Reaching and affecting only
the cells in a specific area.
Local therapy: Treatment that affects
cells in the tumor and the area close to it.
Lower GI series: A series of x-rays
of the colon and rectum that is taken after the patient is given a barium
enema. (Barium is a white, chalky substance that outlines the colon and rectum
on the x-ray.)
Lubricant (LOO-brih-kant): An oily
or slippery substance. A vaginal lubricant may be helpful for women who feels
pain during intercourse because of vaginal dryness.
Lumbar puncture: The insertion of
a needle into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal
fluid or to give intrathecal chemotherapy. Also called a spinal tap.
Lumpectomy (lump-EK-toe-mee): Surgery
to remove only the cancerous breast lump; usually followed by radiation therapy.
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
(LHRH) agonist (LOO-tin-eye-zing...AG-o-nist): A substance that closely resembles
LHRH, which controls the production of sex hormones. However, LHRH agonists
affect the body differently than does LHRH. LHRH agonists keep the testicles
from producing hormones.
Lymph (limf): The almost colorless
fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help
fight infection and disease.
Lymph nodes: Small, bean-shaped organs
located along the channels of the lymphatic system. The lymph nodes store
special cells that can trap bacteria or cancer cells traveling through the
body in lymph. Clusters of lymph nodes are found in the underarms, groin,
neck, chest, and abdomen. Also called lymph glands.
Lymphangiogram (lim-FAN-jee-o-gram):
An x-ray of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected to outline the lymphatic
vessels and organs.
Lymphangiography (imf-an-jee-OG-ra-fee):
X-ray study of lymph nodes and lymph vessels made visible by the injection
of a special dye.
Lymphatic system (lim-FAT-ik): The
tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that
fight infection and disease. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen,
thymus, and lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and
white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues
of the body.
Lymphedema (LIMF-eh-DEE-ma): A condition
in which excess fluid collects in tissue and causes swelling. It may occur
in the arm or leg after lymph vessels or lymph nodes in the underarm or groin
are removed.
Lymphoma: Cancer that arises in cells
of the lymphatic system.
Lymphocytes (LIMF-o-sites): White
blood cells that fight infection and disease.
Lymphocytic (lim-fo-SIT-ik): Referring
to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.
Lymphoid (LIM-foyd): Referring to
lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes
develop.
M proteins: Antibodies
or parts of antibodies found in unusually large amounts in the blood or urine
of multiple myeloma patients.
Magnetic resonance imaging (mag-NET-ik
REZ-o-nan IM-a-jing): A procedure in which a magnet linked to a computer is
used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. Also called MRI.
Maintenance therapy: Chemotherapy
that is given to leukemia patients in remission to prevent a relapse.
Malignant (ma-LIG-nant): Cancerous;
can invade nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
Mammogram (MAM-o-gram): An x-ray
of the breast.
Mammography (mam-OG-ra-fee): The
use of x-rays to create a picture of the breast.
Mastecomy (mas-TEK-to-mee): Surgery
to remove the breast (or as much of the breast as possible).
Mediastinoscopy (MEE-dee-a-stin-AHS-ko-pee):
A procedure in which the doctor inserts a tube into the chest to view the
organs in the mediastinum. The tube is inserted through an incision above
the breastbone.
Mediastinotomy (MEE-dee-a-stin-AH-toe-mee):
A procedure in which the doctor inserts a tube into the chest to view the
organs in the mediastinum. The tube is inserted through an incision next to
the breastbone.
Mediastinum (mee-dee-a-STY-num):
The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and
its large veins and arteries, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and
lymph nodes.
Medical oncologist (on-KOL-o-jist):
A doctor who specializes in treating cancer. Some oncologists specialize
in a particular type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist
specializes in treating cancer with radiation.
Medulloblastoma (MED-yoo-lo-blas-TOE-ma):
A type of brain tumor that recent research suggests develops from primitive
(developing) nerve cells that normally do not remain in the body after birth.
Medulloblastomas are sometimes called primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
Melanin (MEL-a-nin): A skin pigment
(substance that gives the skin its color). Dark-skinned people have more
melanin than light-skinned people.
Melanocytes (mel-AN-o-sites): Cells
in the skin that produce and contain the pigment called melanin.
Melanoma: Cancer of the cells that
produce pigment in the skin. Melanoma usually begins in a mole.
Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue
that covers a surface.
Meninges (meh-NIN-jeez): The three
membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
Meningioma (meh-nin-jee-O-ma): A
type of brain tumor that develops in the meninges. Because these tumors grow
very slowly, the brain may be able to adjust to their presence; meningiomas
often grow quite large before they cause symptoms.
Menopause (MEN-o-pawz): The time
of a woman's life when menstrual periods permanently stop. Also called "change
of life."
Menstrual cycle (MEN-stroo-al): The
hormone changes that lead up to a woman's having a period. For most women,
one cycle takes 28 days.
Metastasize (meh-TAS-ta-size): To
spread from one part of the body to another. When cancer cells metastasize
and form secondary tumors, the cells in the metastatic tumor are like those
in the original (primary) tumor.
Microcalcifications (MY-krow-kal-si-fi-KA-shunz):
Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected
on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate
that cancer is present.
Mole: An area on the skin (usually
dark in color) that contains a cluster of melanocytes.
Monoclonal antibodies (MON-o-KLO-nul
AN-ti-BOD-eez): Substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever
they are in the body. They can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver
drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to tumor cells.
Monocyte: A type of white blood cell.
Morphology: The science of the form
and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life).
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging):
A procedure in which a magnet linked to a computer is used to create detailed
pictures of areas inside the body.
Mucus: A thick fluid produced by
the lining of some organs of the body.
Multiple myeloma (mye-eh-LO-ma):
Cancer that affects plasma cells. The disease causes the growth of tumors
in many bones, which can lead to bone pain and fractures. In addition, the
disease often causes kidney problems and lowered resistance to infection.
Mutations: Changes in the way cells
function or develop, caused by an inherited genetic defect or an environmental
exposure. Such changes may lead to cancer.
Mycosis fungoides (my-KO-sis fun-GOY-deez):
A type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that first appears on the skin. Also called
cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Myelin (MYE-eh-lin): The fatty substance
that covers and protects nerves.
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MYE-eh-lo-dis-PLAS-tik
SIN-drome): See Preleukemia.
Myelogenous (mye-eh-LAH-jen-us):
Referring to myelocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also called myeloid.
Myelogram (MYE-eh-lo-gram): An x-ray
of the spinal cord and the bones of the spine.
Myeloid (MYE-eh-loyd): Referring
to myelocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also called myelogenous.
Myometrium (my-o-MEE-tree-um): The
muscular outer layer of the uterus.
Neck dissection (dye-SEK-shun):
Surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck.
Neoplasia (NEE-o-play-zha): Abnormal
new growth of cells.
Neoplasm: A new growth of tissue.
Can be referred to as benign or malignant.
Nephrectomy (nef-REK-to-mee): Surgery
to remove the kidney. Radical nephrectomy removes the kidney, the adrenal
gland, nearby lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue. Simple nephrectomy
removes just the affected kidney. Partial nephrectomy removes the tumor, but
not the entire kidney.
Nephrotomogram (nef-ro-TOE-mo-gram):
A series of special x-rays of the kidneys. The x- rays are taken from different
angles. They show the kidneys clearly, without the shadows of the organs around
them.
Neurologist (noo-ROL-o-jist): A doctor
who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous
system.
Neuroma (noo-RO-ma): A tumor that
arises in nerve cells.
Neurosurgeon (NOO-ro-SER-jun): A
doctor who specializes in surgery on the brain and other parts of the nervous
system.
Neutrophil (NOO-tro-fil): A type
of white blood cell.
Nevus (NEE-vus): The medical term
for a spot on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes
that usually appears as a dark spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi
(NEE-vye).
Nitrosoureas (nye-TRO-so-yoo-REE-ahz):
A group of anticancer drugs that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Carmustine
(BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU) are nitrosoureas.
Nonmelanoma skin cancer: Skin cancer
that does not involve melanocytes. Basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer
are nonmelanoma skin cancers.
Nonseminoma (non-sem-i-NO-ma): A
classification of testicular cancers that arise in specialized sex cells
called germ cells. Nonseminomas include embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma,
and yolk sac tumor.
Nonsmall cell lung cancer: A form
of lung cancer associated with smoking, exposure to environmental tobacco
smoke, or exposure to radon. Nonsmall cell lung cancer is classified as squamous
cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma depending on what
type of cells are in the cancer.
Oat cell cancer:
A type of lung cancer in which the cells look like oats. Also called small
cell lung cancer.
Oligodendroglioma (OL-ih-go-den-dro-glee-O-ma):
A rare, slow growing type of brain tumor that occurs in the cells that produce
myelin, the fatty covering that protects nerves.
Ommaya reservoir (o-MYE-a REZ-er-vwahr):
A device implanted under the scalp and used to deliver anticancer drugs to
the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Oncogene: The part of the cell that
normally directs cell growth, but which can also promote or allow the uncontrolled
growth of cancer if damaged (mutated) by an environmental exposure to carcinogens,
or damaged or missing because of an inherited defect.
Oncologist (on-KOL-o-jist): A doctor
who specializes in treating cancer. Some oncologists specialize in a particular
type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist specializes
in treating cancer with radiation.
Oncology: The study of tumors encompassing
the physical, chemical, and biologic properties.
Oophorectomy (oo-for-EK-to-mee):
The removal of one or both ovaries.
Ophthalmoscope (off-THAL-mo-skope):
A lighted instrument used to examine the inside of the eye, including the
retina and the optic nerve.
Optic nerve: The nerve that carries
messages from the retina to the brain.
Oral surgeon: A dentist with special
training in surgery of the mouth and jaw.
Orchiectomy (or-kee-EK-to-mee): Surgery
to remove the testicles.
Organisms: Plants, animals, and other
forms of life that are made up of complex and interconnected systems of cells
and tissue.
Oropharynx (or-o-FAIR-inks): The
area of the throat at the back of the mouth.
Osteosarcoma (OSS-tee-o-sar-KO-ma):
A cancer of the bone that is most common in children. Also called osteogenic
sarcoma.
Ostomy (AHS-toe-mee): An operation
to create an opening from an area inside the body to the outside. See Colostomy.
Otolaryngologist (AH-toe-lar-in-GOL-o-jist):
A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.
Ovaries (O-var-eez): The pair of
female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries
are located in the lower abdomen, one on each side of the uterus.
p53: A gene in the
cell that normally inhibits the growth of tumors, which can prevent or slow
the spread of cancer.
Palate (PAL-et): The roof of the
mouth. The front portion is bony (hard palate), and the back portion is muscular
(soft palate).
Palliative treatment: Treatment that
does not alter the course of a disease, but improves the quality of life.
Palpation (pal-PAY-shun): A technique
in which a doctor presses on the surface of the body to feel the organs or
tissues underneath.
Pancreas: A gland located in the
abdomen. It makes pancreatic juices, and it produces several hormones, including
insulin. The pancreas is surrounded by the stomach, intestines, and other
organs.
Pancreatectomy (pan-kree-a-TEK-to-mee):
Surgery to remove the pancreas. In a total pancreatectomy, the duodenum, common
bile duct, gallbladder, spleen, and nearby lymph nodes also are removed.
Pancreatic juices: Fluids made by
the pancreas. Pancreatic juices contain proteins called enzymes that aid
in digestion.
Papillary tumor (PAP-i-lar-ee): A
tumor shaped like a small mushroom with its stem attached to the inner lining
of the bladder.
Papilledema (pap-il-eh-DEE-ma): Swelling around the optic nerve, usually
due to pressure on the nerve by a tumor.
Pap test: Microscopic examination
of cells collected from the cervix. It is used to detect changes that may
be cancer or may lead to cancer, and it can show noncancerous conditions,
such as infection or inflammation. Also called Pap smear.
Paralysis (pa-RAL-ih-sis): Loss of
ability to move all or part of the body.
Paraneoplastic syndrome (pair-a-nee-o-PLAS-tik):
A group of symptoms that may develop when substances released by some cancer
cells disrupt the normal function of surrounding cells and tissue. Such symptoms
do not necessarily mean that the cancer has spread beyond the original site.
Pathologist (pa-THOL-o-jist): A doctor
who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.
Pediatric (pee-dee-AT-rik): Pertaining
to children.
Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen,
located between the hip bones.
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
(per-kyoo-TAN-ee-us trans-heh-PAT-ik ko-LAN-jee-AH-gra-fee): A test sometimes
used to help diagnose cancer of the pancreas. During this test, a thin needle
is put into the liver. Dye is injected into the bile ducts in the liver so
that blockages can be seen on x-rays.
Perfusion: The process of flooding
fluid through the artery to saturate the surrounding tissue. In regional
perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) is targeted
and high doses of anticancer drugs are flooded through the artery to reach
the surrounding tissue and kill as many cancer cells as possible. Such a
procedure is performed in cases where the cancer is not thought to have spread
past a localized area.
Perineal prostatectomy (pe-ri-NEE-al):
Surgery to remove the prostate through an incision made between the scrotum
and the anus.
Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
(per-IF-er-al): A procedure that is similar to bone marrow transplantation.
Doctors remove healthy immature cells (stem cells) from a patient's blood
and store them before the patient receives high-dose chemotherapy and possibly
radiation therapy to destroy the leukemia cells. The stem cells are then returned
to the patient, where they can produce new blood cells to replace cells destroyed
by the treatment.
Peripheral stem cell support (per-IF-er-ul):
A method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. Certain
cells (stem cells) in the blood that are similar to those in the bone marrow
are removed from the patient's blood before treatment. The cells are given
back to the patient after treatment.
Peristalsis (pair-ih-STAL-sis): The
rippling motion of muscles in the digestive tract. In the stomach, this motion
mixes food with gastric juices, turning it into a thin liquid.
Peritoneal cavity: The lower part
of the abdomen that contains the intestines (the last part of the digestive
tract), the stomach, and the liver. It is bound by thin membranes.
Peritoneum (PAIR-i-to-NEE-um): The
large membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.
Pernicious anemia (per-NISH-us a-NEE-mee-a):
A blood disorder caused by a lack of vitamin B12. Patients who have this disorder
do not produce the substance in the stomach that allows the body to absorb
vitamin B12.
Petechiae (peh-TEE-kee-a): Tiny red
spots under the skin; often a symptom of leukemia.
Pharynx (FAIR-inks): The hollow tube
about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the
trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach).
Photodynamic therapy (fo-to-dy-NAM-ik):
Treatment that destroys cancer cells with lasers and drugs that become active
when exposed to light.
Pigment: A substance that gives color
to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair.
Pineal gland (PIN-ee-al): A small
gland located in the cerebrum.
Pineal region tumors: Types of brain
tumors that occur in or around the pineal gland, a tiny organ near the center
of the brain. The pineal region is very difficult to reach, therefore these
tumors often cannot be removed.
Pineoblastoma (PIN-ee-o-blas-TOE-ma):
A fast growing type of brain tumor that occurs in or around the pineal gland,
a tiny organ near the center of the brain.
Pineocytoma (PIN-ee-o-sye-TOE-ma):
A slow growing type of brain tumor that occurs in or around the pineal gland,
a tiny organ near the center of the brain.
Pituitary gland (pih-TOO-ih-tair-ee):
The main endocrine gland; it produces hormones that control other glands
and many body functions, especially growth.
Plasma: The liquid part of the blood.
Plasma cells: Special white blood
cells that produce antibodies.
Plasmacytoma: A tumor that is made
up of cancerous plasma cells.
Plasmapheresis (plas-ma-fer-EE-sis):
The process of removing certain proteins from the blood. Plasmapheresis can
be used to remove excess antibodies from the blood of multiple myeloma patients.
Plastic surgeon: A surgeon who specializes
in reducing scarring or disfigurement that may occur as a result of accidents,
birth defects, or treatment for diseases (such as melanoma).
Platelets (PLAYT-lets): Blood cells
that help clots form to help control bleeding. Also called thrombocytes.
Pleura (PLOOR-a): The thin covering
that protects and cushions the lungs. The pleura is made up of two layers
of tissue that are separated by a small amount of fluid.
Pleural cavity: A space enclosed
by the pleura, thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall
of the chest cavity. It is bound by serous membranes.
Pneumatic larynx (noo-MAT-ik): A
device that uses air to produce sound to help a laryngectomee talk.
Pneumonectomy (noo-mo-NEK-to-mee):
An operation to remove an entire lung.
Pneumonia (noo-MONE-ya): An infection
that occurs when fluid and cells collect in the lung.
Polyp (POL-ip): A mass of tissue
that projects into the colon.
Positron emission tomography scan:
For this type of scan, a person is given a substance that reacts with tissues
in the body to release protons (parts of an atom). Through measuring the different
amounts of protons released by healthy and cancerous tissues, a computer
creates a picture of the inside of the body. Also called PET scan.
Postremission therapy: Chemotherapy
to kill leukemia cells that survive after remission induction therapy.
Precancerous (pre-KAN-ser-us): A
term used to describe a condition that may or is likely to become cancer.
Precancerous polyps: Growths in the
colon that often become cancerous.
Prednisone: A drug often given to
multiple myeloma patients along with one or more anticancer drugs. Prednisone
appears to act together with anticancer drugs in helping to control the effects
of the disease on the body.
Preleukemia (PREE-loo-KEE-mee-a):
A condition in which the bone marrow does not function normally. It does
not produce enough blood cells. This condition may progress and become acute
leukemia. Preleukemia also is called myelodysplastic syndrome or smoldering
leukemia.
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors
(NOO-ro-ek-toe-DER-mul): A type of brain tumor that recent research suggests
develops from primitive (developing) nerve cells that normally do not remain
in the body after birth. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors are often called
medulloblastomas.
Proctoscopy (prok-TOS-ko-pee): An
examination of the rectum and the lower end of the colon using a thin lighted
instrument called a sigmoidoscope.
Proctosigmoidoscopy (PROK-toe-sig-moid-OSS-ko-pee):
An examination of the rectum and the lower part of the colon using a thin,
lighted instrument called a sigmoidoscope.
Progesterone (pro-JES-ter-own): A
female hormone.
Prognosis (prog-NO-sis): The probable
outcome or course of a disease; the chance of recovery.
Prophylactic cranial irradiation
(pro-fi-LAK-tik KRAY-nee-ul ir-ray-dee-AY-shun): Radiation therapy to the
head to prevent cancer from spreading to the brain.
Prostatectomy (pros-ta-TEK-to-mee):
An operation to remove part or all of the prostate.
Prostate gland (PROS-tate): A gland
in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part
of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder. It produces a fluid that
forms part of semen.
Prostate-specific antigen: A protein
whose level in the blood goes up in some men who have prostate cancer or
benign prostatic hyperplasia. Also called PSA.
Prostatic acid phosphatase (FOS-fa-tase):
An enzyme produced by the prostate. Its level in the blood goes up in some
men who have prostate cancer. Also called PAP.
Prosthesis (pros-THEE-sis): An artificial
replacement for a body part.
Prosthodontist (pros-tho-DON-tist):
A dentist with special training in making replacements for missing teeth
or other structures of the oral cavity to restore the patient's appearance,
comfort, and/or health.
Proteins (PRO-teenz): Substances
that are essential to the body's structure and proper functioning.
PTC (percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography)
(per-kyoo-TAN-ee-us trans-heh-PAT-ik ko-LAN-jee-AH-gra-fee): A test sometimes
used to help diagnose cancer of the pancreas. During this test, a thin needle
is put into the liver. Dye is injected into the bile ducts in the liver so
that blockages can be seen on x-rays.
Radiation fibrosis
(ray-dee-AY-shun-fye-BRO-sis): The formation of scar tissue as a result of
radiation therapy to the lung.
Radiation therapy (ray-dee-AY-shun):
Treatment with high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
Radiation oncologist (ray-dee-AY-shun
on-KOL-o-jist): A doctor who specializes in using radiation to treat cancer.
Radiation therapy (ray-dee-AY-shun):
Treatment with high-energy rays (such as x-rays) to kill cancer cells. The
radiation may come from outside the body (external radiation) or from radioactive
materials placed directly in the tumor (implant radiation). Also called radiotherapy.
Radical cystectomy (RAD-i-kal sis-TEK-to-mee):
Surgery to remove the bladder as well as nearby tissues and organs.
Radical prostatectomy: Surgery to
remove the entire prostate. The two types of radical prostatectomy are retropubic
prostatectomy and perineal prostatectomy.
Radioactive (RAY-dee-o-AK-tiv): Giving
off radiation.
Radiologist: A doctor who specializes
in creating and interpreting pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures
are produced with x-rays, sound waves, or other types of energy.
Radionuclide scanning: An exam that
produces pictures (scans) of internal parts of the body. The patient is given
an injection or swallows a small amount of radioactive material. A machine
called a scanner then measures the radioactivity in certain organs.
Radiosensitizers: Drugs that make
cells more sensitive to radiation.
Radon (RAY-don): A radioactive gas
that is released by uranium, a substance found in soil and rock. When too
much radon is breathed in, it can damage lung cells and lead to lung cancer.
Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of
the large intestine. The rectum stores solid waste until it leases the body
through the anus.
Recur: To occur again. Recurrence
is the reappearance of cancer cells at the same site or in another location.
Red blood cells: Cells that carry
oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes.
Reed-Sternberg cell: A type of cell
that appears in patients with Hodgkin's disease. The number of these cells
increases as the disease advances.
Reflux: The term used when liquid
backs up into the esophagus from the stomach.
Regional chemotherapy: Treatment
with anticancer drugs that affects mainly the cells in the treated area.
Relapse: The return of signs and
symptoms of a disease after a period of improvement.
Remission: Disappearance of the signs
and symptoms of cancer. When this happens, the disease is said to be "in
remission." A remission can be temporary or permanent.
Remission induction therapy: The
initial chemotherapy a patient with acute leukemia receives to bring about
a remission.
Renal capsule: The fibrous connective
tissue that surrounds each kidney.
Renal cell cancer: Cancer that develops
in the lining of the renal tubules, which filter the blood and produce urine.
Renal pelvis: The area at the center
of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter.
Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm
cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes.
Reproductive system: The group of
organs and glands involved with having a child. In women, these are the uterus
(womb), the fallopian tubes, the ovaries, and the vagina (birth canal). The
reproductive system in men includes the testes, the prostate, and the penis.
Resection (ree-SEK-shun): Surgical
removal of part of an organ.
Respiratory system (RES-pi-ra-tor-ee):
The organs that are involved in breathing. These include the nose, throat,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Respiratory therapy (RES-pi-ra-tor-ee):
Exercises and treatments that help patients recover lung function after surgery.
Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer caused
by the loss of both gene copies of the tumor- suppressor gene RB; the inherited
form typically occurs in childhood, because one gene is missing from the time
of birth.
Retropubic prostatectomy (re-tro-PYOO-bik):
Surgical removal of the prostate through an incision in the abdomen.
Risk factor: Something that increases
the chance of developing a disease.
RNA (ribonucleic acid): One of the
two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid). RNA transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by
the cell.
Salivary glands (SAL-i-vair-ee):
Glands in the mouth that produce saliva.
Salpingo-oophorectomy (sal-PING-o-OO-for-EK-to-mee):
Surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries.
Sarcoma (sar-KO-ma): A malignant
tumor that begins in connective and supportive tissue.
Scans: Pictures of organs in the
body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring patients include
liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computed axial tomography
(CAT) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances
that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner
that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an
x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of
organs inside the body.
Schiller test (SHIL-er): A test in
which iodine is applied to the cervix. The iodine colors healthy cells brown;
abnormal cells remain unstained, usually appearing white or yellow.
Schwannoma (shwah-NO-ma): A type
of benign brain tumor that begins in the Schwann cells, which produce the
myelin that protects the acoustic nerve the nerve of hearing.
Screening: Checking for disease when
there are no symptoms.
Scrotum (SKRO-tum): The external
pouch of skin that contains the testicles.
Sebum (SEE-bum): An oily substance
produced by certain glands in the skin.
Seizures (SEE-zhurz): Convulsions;
sudden, involuntary movements of the muscles.
Semen: The fluid that is released
through the penis during orgasm. Semen is made up of sperm from the testicles
and fluid from the prostate and other sex glands.
Seminal vesicles (SEM-in-al VES-i-kulz):
Glands that help produce semen.
Seminoma (sem-in-O-ma): A type of
testicular cancer that arises from sex cells, or germ cells, at a very early
stage in their development.
Shunt: A catheter (tube) that carries
cerebrospinal fluid from a ventricle in the brain to another area of the
body.
Side effects: Problems that occur
when treatment affects healthy cells. Common side effects of cancer treatment
are fatigue, nausea, vomiting, decreased blood cell counts, hair loss, and
mouth sores.
Sigmoidoscope (sig-MOY-da-skope):
An instrument used to view the inside of the colon.
Sigmoidoscopy (sig-moid-OSS-ko-pee):
A procedure in which the doctor looks inside the rectum and the lower part
of the colon (sigmoid colon) through a lighted tube. The doctor may collect
samples of tissue or cells for closer examination. Also called proctosigmoidoscopy.
Skin graft: Skin that is moved from
one part of the body to another.
Small cell lung cancer: A type of
lung cancer in which the cells are small and round. Also called oat cell
lung cancer.
Small intestine: The part of the
digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine.
Smoldering leukemia: See Preleukemia.
Soft tissue sarcoma: A sarcoma that
begins in the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting
tissue of the body.
Somatic cells: All the body cells
except the reproductive cells.
Somatic mutations: See mutation.
Speech pathologist: A specialist
who evaluates and treats people with communication and swallowing problems.
Also called a speech therapist.
Speculum (SPEK-yoo-lum): An instrument
used to widen the opening of the vagina so that the cervix is more easily
visible.
Sperm banking: Freezing sperm before
cancer treatment for use in the future. This procedure can allow men to father
children after loss of fertility.
SPF (Sun protection factor): A scale
for rating sunscreens. Sunscreens with an SPF of 15 or higher provide the
best protection from the sun's harmful rays. SPF stands for sun protection
factor.
Spinal tap: A test in which a fluid
sample is removed from the spinal column with a thin needle. Also called
a lumbar puncture.
Spleen: An organ that produces lymphocytes,
filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys those that are aging.
It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach.
Splenectomy (splen-EK-toe-mee): An
operation to remove the spleen.
Sputum (SPYOO-tum): Mucus from the
lungs.
Squamous cell carcinoma (SKWAY-mus):
Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling
fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface
of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages
of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Squamous cells (SKWAY-mus): Flat
cells that look like fish scales; they make up most of the epidermis, the
outer layer of the skin.
Squamous intraepithelial lesion (SKWAY-mus
in-tra-eh-pih-THEEL-ee-ul LEE-zhun): A general term for the abnormal growth
of squamous cells on the surface of the cervix. The changes in the cells are
described as low grade or high grade, depending on how much of the cervix
is affected and how abnormal the cells are. Also called SIL.
Stage: The extent of a cancer, especially
whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the
body.
Staging: Doing exams and tests to
learn the extent of the cancer, especially whether it has spread from its
original site to other parts of the body.
Stem cells: The cells from
which all blood cells develop.
Stereotaxis (stair-ee-o-TAK-sis):
Use of a computer and scanning devices to create three- dimensional pictures.
This method can be used to direct a biopsy, external radiation, or the insertion
of radiation implants.
Sterile: The inability to produce
children.
Steroids (STEH-roidz): Drugs used
to relieve swelling and inflammation.
Stoma: An opening in the abdominal
wall; also called an ostomy or urostomy.
Stool: The waste matter discharged
in a bowel movement; feces.
Stool test: A test to check for hidden
blood in the bowel movement.
Subglottis (SUB-glot-is): The lowest
part of the larynx; the area from just below the vocal cords down to the
top of the trachea.
Sun Protection Factor (SPF): A scale
for rating sunscreens. Sunscreens with an SPF of 15 or higher provide the
best protection from the sun's harmful rays.
Sunscreen: A substance that blocks
the effect of the sun's harmful rays. Using lotions or creams that contain
sunscreens can protect the skin from damage that may lead to cancer.
Supportive care: Treatment given
to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve
the patient's comfort and quality of life.
Supraglottis (SOOP-ra-GLOT-is): The
upper part of the larynx, including the epiglottis; the area above the vocal
cords.
Surgery: A procedure to remove or
repair a part of the body or to find out if disease is present.
Systemic (sis-TEM-ik): Reaching and
affecting cells all over the body.
Systemic therapy (sis-TEM-ik): Treatment
that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting
cancer cells all over the body.
Systemic treatment (sis-TEM-ik):
Treatment using substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching
and affecting cancer cells all over the body.
T-cell lymphoma (lim-FO-ma):
A cancer of the immune system that appears in the skin; also called mycosis
fungoides.
Testicles (TES-ti-kuls): The two
egg-shaped glands that produce sperm and male hormones.
Testosterone (tes-TOS-ter-own): A
male sex hormone.
Thermography (ther-MOG-ra-fee): A
test to measure and display heat patterns of tissues near the surface of
the breast. Abnormal tissue generally is warmer than healthy tissue. This
technique is under study; its value in detecting breast cancer has not been
proven.
Thoracentesis (thor-a-sen-TEE-sis):
Removal of fluid in the pleura through a needle.
Thoracic (thor-ASS-ik): Pertaining
to the chest.
Thoracotomy (thor-a-KOT-o-mee): An
operation to open the chest.
Thrombocytes (THROM-bo-sites): See
Platelets.
Thrombophlebitis (throm-bo-fleh-BYE-tis):
Inflammation of a vein that occurs when a blood clot forms.
Thymus: An organ in which lymphocytes
mature and multiply. It lies behind the breastbone.
Tissue (TISH-oo): A group or layer
of cells that together perform specific functions.
Tonsils: Small masses of lymphatic
tissue on either side of the throat.
Topical chemotherapy (kee-mo-THER-a-pee):
Treatment with anticancer drugs in a lotion or cream.
Total pancreatectomy (pan-cree-a-TEK-to-mee):
Surgery to remove the entire pancreas.
Toxins: Poisons produced by certain
animals, plants, or bacteria.
Trachea (TRAY-kee-a): The airway
that leads from the larynx to the lungs. Also called the windpipe.
Tracheoesophageal puncture (TRAY-kee-o-eh-SOF-a-JEE-al
PUNK-chur): A small opening made by a surgeon between the esophagus and the
trachea. A valve keeps food out of the trachea but lets air into the esophagus
for esophageal speech.
Tracheostomy (TRAY-kee-AHS-toe-mee):
Surgery to create an opening (stoma) into the windpipe. The opening itself
may also be called a tracheostomy.
Tracheostomy button (TRAY-kee-AHS-toe-mee):
A _- to 1-1/2-inch-long plastic tube placed in the stoma to keep it open.
Tracheostomy tube (TRAY-kee-AHS-toe-mee):
A 2- to 3-inch-long metal or plastic tube that keeps the stoma and trachea
open. Also called a trach ("trake") tube.
Transformation: The change that a
normal cell undergoes as it becomes malignant.
Transfusion (trans-FYOO-zhun): The
transfer of blood or blood products from one person to another.
Transitional cell carcinoma: Cancer
that develops in the lining of the renal pelvis. This type of cancer also
occurs in the ureter and the bladder.
Transitional cells: Cells lining
some organs.
Transplantation (trans-plan-TAY-shun):
The replacement of an organ with one from another person.
Transrectal ultrasound: The use of
sound waves to detect cancer. An instrument is inserted into the rectum.
Waves bounce off the prostate and the pattern of the echoes produced is converted
into a picture by a computer.
Transurethral resection (TRANZ-yoo-REE-thral
ree-SEK-shun): Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through
the urethra. Also called TUR.
Transurethral resection of the prostate
(TRANZ-yoo-REE-thral): The use of an instrument inserted through
the penis to remove tissue from the prostate. Also called TUR or TURP.
Transvaginal ultrasound: Sound waves
sent out by a probe inserted in the vagina. The waves bounce off the ovaries,
and a computer uses the echoes to create a picture called a sonogram. Also
called TVS.
Tumor (TOO-mer): An abnormal mass
of tissue that results from excessive cell division. Tumors perform no useful
body function. They may either be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Tumor debulking: Surgically removing
as much of the tumor as possible.
Tumor marker: A substance
in blood or other body fluids that may suggest that a person has cancer.
Tumor necrosis factor (ne-KRO-sis):
A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the
body's natural response to disease). Scientists are still learning how this
substance causes cancer cells to die.
Tumor-suppressor gene: Genes in the
body that can suppress or block the development of cancer.
Ulcerative colitis:
A disease that causes long-term inflammation of the lining of the colon.
Ultrasonography: A test in which
sound waves (called ultrasound) are bounced off tissues and the echoes are
converted into a picture (sonogram).
Ultrasound: A test that bounces sound
waves off tissues and internal organs and changes the echoes into pictures
(sonograms). Tissues of different densities reflect sound waves differently.
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (ul-tra-VYE-o-let
ray-dee-AY-shun): Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from
the sun. UV radiation can burn the skin and cause melanoma and other types
of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up
of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than
UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass further into the skin. Scientists
have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of
skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage
that can lead to cancer. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that
people use sunscreens that block or absorb both kinds of UV radiation.
Upper GI series: A series of x-rays
of the upper digestive system that are taken after a person drinks a barium
solution, which outlines the digestive organs on the x-rays.
Ureter (yoo-REE-ter): The tube that
carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.
Urethra (yoo-REE-thra): The tube
that empties urine from the bladder.
Urinalysis: A test that determines
the content of the uri | 
